One believes that the competitive advantage is exogenous out of firms . this paradigm includes the competitive force theory by m . e . porter and the strategic conflict theory by carl shapiro 一个认为竞争优势产生于企业之外,主要包括迈克尔?波特的竞争力理论和卡尔?夏皮罗的战略冲突理论。
百科解释
Carl D. Shapiro (born 1955) is the Transamerica Professor of Business Strategy at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.